Reference this Share this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Food is sometimes contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, there are many sort of Pathogenic bacteria it is very dangers for human, animal, salmonella one of them, it is frequently found in fowl ,eggs ,raw approved by pets similar to turtles and birds, salmonella is bacterium which is one of the commonest causes…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Introduction Epigenetics can be defined as the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not cause a change in the DNA sequence (Dupont et al. 2009), with DNA methylation and histone modifications being two of the epigenetic mechanisms that can lead to these specific changes (Osborne 2017). Epigenetics and its role…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Water is a vital molecule for the human body. Approximately 98% of the human body is made up of water. Human beings cannot survive if their water content decreases below 12%; hence the homeostasis of water is an important mechanism. Water has many important functions in our body. Water acts as a transport…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp A metal is a chemical element that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat and forms cations and ionic bonds with non-metals. In chemistry, ametal (from Greek “μÎταλλον” – métallon, “mine”]) is an element, compound, or alloy characterized by high electrical conductivity. In a metal, atoms readily lose electrons to form…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp GENETICS OF AGING In this essay I am going to investigate the importance of telomeres, their role in eukaryotic DNA replication, the importance of telomerase and shelterin complexes, the action of telomerase and most importantly how does telomere shortening cause the onset of Dyskeratosis congenita. ‘Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare syndrome of premature…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Water is a vital molecule for the human body. Approximately 98% of the human body is made up of water. Human beings cannot survive if their water content decreases below 12%; hence the homeostasis of water is an important mechanism. Water has many important functions in our body. Water acts as a transport…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is what gives the living organism (animal) the ability to keep their internal body at a balanced state. For example it will keep the amount of water that is in the animal’s body at around the same level. If there was to much water in the body the kidneys…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Specific Aim Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating disease that manifests as Beta-amyloid plaques and tau aggregation that accumulate in the brain (1). Currently, no treatment is available for patients, pushing the field to develop an alternative therapy (1). The complexity of the disease is based on the interplay of both genetics and…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Discuss the role of transcription factor Pax7 in satellite cells, the muscle endogenous cells Abstract Due to its remarkable ability to rapidly regenerate after injury, research into skeletal muscle has quickly come to the forefront of scientific discovery over the past few years. Multiple studies involving myogenic satellite cells have demonstrated the importance…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp The vitamins are a very important class of the nutrients. They play various important roles in the life cycle of any living-being. The absence or deficiency of the vitamins in poultry causes serious problems. The water soluble vitamins are very important sub-class of vitamins. In the poultry which can not synthesize these vitamins…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp The role of PINK1 in α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity in Parkinson’s disease State-of-the-art Misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (ASYN) is the major component of Lewy bodies (LBs) [1], the pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) [2, 3]. Although clinical and experimental studies suggest the involvement of protein misfolding, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction…
Read MoreReference this Share this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Introduction A pathologically increased activation of complement appears in autoimmune diseases which might enhance the inflammatory reaction. Disruption or exhaustion of complement-mediated clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic cells, and of its bridging to adaptive immunity, are contributing factors of autoimmune diseases. Additionally, the endocrine system is a target for…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Background Crystalline silica is a mineral compound composed of silicon and oxygen atoms that are arranged in a repeating pattern. Common polymorphs of crystalline silica include quartz, cristobalite and tridymite, with quartz as the most common form. Human exposure to crystalline silica is most often from occupational tasks that involve disturbance, use…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp In cardiac muscle, excitation-contraction coupling is mediated by calcium-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptors that are activated by calcium entry through L-type calcium channels on the sarcolemmal membrane. Although Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release triggered by the L-typed calcium current is the primary pathway for triggering Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Roles of Regulatory RNAs in Biology and Disease Abstract The study of RNA has been a developing field over the past few decades. Whereas DNA is the information molecule that codes for everything in an organism, RNA is the vehicle for transformation from encoded information to a direct product. RNA can…
Read MoreReference this Share this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp The key difference between a cheese pizza and a peperoni pizza is the meat. However, in America two entirely different government agencies are accountable for inspecting each of those pizzas (Galarza). The pepperoni pizza will go through three different United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) inspections: At the slaughterhouse, pepperoni-making facility, and the pizza factory (Galarza).…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in both children and elderly people. In this study we evaluated the short- and long-term protective efficacy of the single intranasal immunization of RSV vaccine formulation consisting of the fusion (F) protein formulated with a polyIC,…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp 1. Introduction A brief description, including an aim of your investigation, details of your chosen area(s), sampling technique and the scientific names of the organisms investigated. Our investigation took place in the Ruamahanga river our aim was to find what abiotic factors and biotic factors were at the Ruamahanga river. We discovered…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a common and widespread disease, characterised by poor regulation of glucose due to pancreatic insufficiency. Traditional methods of diagnosis and monitoring utilise blood glucose analysis and highly accurate mechanisms exist for this. However, as many insulin dependent diabetics have to monitor their own blood glucose, the constant obtaining…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Food poisoning is a common problem that affects millions of people in the United States and throughout the world. Food poisoning can cause distressing and sometimes life threatening problems in humans. People that have eaten contaminated food may be symptom-free or have symptoms ranging from intestinal discomfort to severe dehydration and bloody diarrhea.…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Recently, food safety is an increasingly important public health issue with news of food poisoning reported daily. Governments all over the world are intensifying their efforts to improve food safety. These efforts are in response to an increasing number of food safety problems and rising consumer concerns. Foodborne is any illness resulting from…
Read MoreReference this Share this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Salt as a Pollutant for the Inhibition of growth for Ankistrodesmus Algae Introduction: Around the world pollution has become a major issue effecting everyone. This includes the water we drink, the air we breathe and also the bodies of water we swim in! Unsafe drinking water kills more people than warfare and all…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Enzymes are proteins that catalysis chemical reaction to its highest speed. They do so by lowering the activation energy. Enzymes contain an active site where a substrate, in this case, the hydrogen peroxide binds to it and breaks into water and oxygen. Salt concentration denatures the structure of the protein, therefore, causing the…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Most enzymes are protein in nature and it is useful to be used for understanding the basic aspects in determining structure and physiochemical properties of proteins. Solubility of proteins determine on the salt concentration in the solution. At low concentrations, the presence of salt stabilizes the various charged groups on a protein molecule,…
Read MoreReference this Share this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp In this lab, samples of pond water were taken and measured using the Wrinkler and the Light and Dark bottle method in order to study the effects of the environment on primary productivity in organisms. The central purpose was to determine the effect of temperature on the amount of dissolved oxygen…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp SEM of Silk Scanning electron microscopy was performed on dialyzed complete chain (degummed silk fraction), soluble silk (light chain) and Insoluble silk (heavy chain). On SEM imaging of complete silk mesh network of silk fibers was observed, but, on separation of silk fibers no such fiber network is observed which shows complete…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Lab Write-Up For centuries, scientists have studied the microorganism bacteria. Modern Society is still perplexed by bacteria, and we continue to study it. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth about 4 billion years ago that fall into the two kingdoms: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria which make up the Monera…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp This report is focusing on how the Science of Evolution has evolved humans using genetics. Evolution is the process of which many different organisms are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth. Evolution is related to mutation and genetic variation. An organism’s DNA affects how it behaves,…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Hepatitis B is an infectious illness caused by hepatitis B virus which infects the liver of humans, and cause an inflammation called hepatitis (World Health Organization, 2010). It is formerly known as ‘serum hepatitis’, the disease has caused a widespread outbreak that infects many people at the same time in parts of Asia…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Scientists’ Contribution to Germ Theory Ignaz Semmelweis Ignaz Semmelweis made an invaluable contribution to the field of microbiology in the 1840s by discovering that hand-washing significantly reduced the number of deaths among women after childbirth. The Hungarian physician found out that microbes that caused infections were easily transferred from one person to another…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp The purpose this section is double: too described the methods for determination of the hormones, which became seperate by the thyroid gland and to descriptive investigation of the thyroid function in the experimental models. To information over hypothalamisch pituitäre thyroidsystem and, you see its investigation the sections on hormones of the preceding Pituitary…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Identification of biomarkers for aging based on DNA microarray data Highlights: Totally, 43 time series-related lncRNAs were screened. A total of 11 clusters of 41 lncRNAs were identified. CYP51 and FDPS were mainly enriched in pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis. MFAP3 and MFAP5 were significantly enriched in pathway of elastic fibre formation. Abstract Background: The age-related disorders including cancers, chronic inflammatory and…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp 1.0 Introduction Among the microbial products, exopolysaccharides (EPSs) play a significant role in main physiological functions and applications. The increased demand for current and natural polymeric materials by several industrial fields such as pharmaceutical, food and others has moved the interest to the polysaccharides produced by microorganism during the past years. Polysaccharide…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp The Fungi strain are relatively high potential source for cellulase production technology because they show the higher diameter of clear zone by 8.2cm, 8.1cm, 7.9cm respectively. The greater the diameter of clear zone, the larger amount of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) can be degraded. To screen the best suitable of cellulase-producing fungi for the industrial…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Allergies, also known as hypersensitive reactions, that occurs when one’s immune system over reacts to a substance which otherwise is harmless. These substances are known as allergens, they could be house hold material, pets [1], cockroaches [2], dust, food items [3] like milk, nuts, sun and even water. Among all the substances that are known to…
Read MoreReference this Share this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Human population can be categorized into secretors and non-secretors based on A, B and H antigen on basis of presence or absence of these blood group antigens in the body fluids and secretions, such as saliva, sweat, tears, semen, serum, mucus present in the digestive tract or respiratory cavities etc. Secretors…
Read MoreReference this Share this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Human population can be categorized into secretors and non-secretors. They are categorized on the basis of presence or absence of the blood group antigens (A, B and H) in the body fluids and secretions, such as saliva, sweat, tears, semen, serum, mucus present in the digestive tract or respiratory cavities etc.…
Read MoreReference this Share this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Seedling production of mud crab Scylla serrata has the potential to be an effective tool to support the demand of mud crab due depleted seed stock from the wild. Moreover, there is high consumer demand on the global production of mud crab Scylla serrata from 1999 to 2000. Generally, consumer for…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Reactions and effects of the chemical depends majority of the time on species and most of the major differences of species and their effects depend on quality of metabolism of the person. Other people that are exposed may show physiological differences instead. In animals for example, a study shows that rats cannot get…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Cancer is known to be caused by a large group of various diseases, all involved in cellular malfunction. It dates back to about 1600 BC when it was first found in an Egyptian papyrus (Wu et al, 2006) and thought to be incurable till surgery and radiation became the means of treatment in…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Etiology of malaria Malaria is an infectious disease, which can cause flu-like symptoms. The virus is transmitted via parasite carried by mosquitoes. Malaria continues to be an issue in tropical and subtropical areas and remains one of the world’s leading death-causing infections. Malaria is single celled organism. There are four different classes of…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Answer 1: Sewage treatment plants could be a power house of the future. Sewage contains a number of diverse chemical compounds which can be with the help of microbes converted to useful commodities. The proposed sewage plant is as under. The waste water sludge of the plant is where a microbiologist is interested…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp The structure of cardiac muscle The capacity for cells to utilize biochemical energy to generate both mechanical force and movement of the human body is a dominant feature found in muscle cells. There exist three distinct categories of muscle tissue, each differing by specific structural and functional properties. These categories include smooth muscles,…
Read MoreReference this Share this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Should we have autonomy over our Genetic Information? History of Genetics and Genetic Testing Genetics is, as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a branch of biology that deals with the heredity and variation of organisms’ but also ‘the genetic makeup and phenomena of an organism, type, group, or condition’ (Merriam-Webster,…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Xenotransplants have a long history in modern medicine. In late 1963 and early 1964, a team from Tulane University led by Keith Reemtsma, MD, did kidney transplants from chimpanzees into six patients, and one of them survived for nine months subsequent to the transplant. By 1974, including investigational surgeries performed by Thomas Starzl,…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp A 20-year-old Africa- America woman visits her physical complaining of episodes of extreme pain and discomfort in her legs and lower back. She has been experiencing these recurrent episodes, accompanied by extreme fatigue, since she was a child. On physical examination, she appears jaundiced and has a hematocrit of 23% and a hemoglobin…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Abstract In the following paper, sickle cell anemia and hemophilia disorders were studied extensively. Sickle cell anemia was found to be the disorder where the red blood cells develop into sickle shaped cells due to a mutation of the hemoglobin protein. When the cell becomes sickle shaped, they also become sticky and will…
Read MoreReference this Share this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp AMRITA B, S KIRTHANA, KAVYA R AND W. JABEZ OSBORNE* ABSTRACT- Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), are heterogeneous group of bacteria that can be found in the rhizosphere and in association with roots that enhance the quality of plant growth directly or indirectly. Siderophores are low molecular weight iron chelators…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF SIGNATURES FOR ADAPTIVE TRAITS IN CHICKEN (Gallus domesticus) Sigei Chepkorir Caroline ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS QTL: Quantitative Trait Locus WHO: World Health Organization KNBS: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics GDP: Gross Domestic Product MLD: Ministry of Livestock Development CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background Information The indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus) is…
Read MoreShare this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp A thorough periodontal examination is an integral component of clinical examination. It encompasses periodontal diagnostic parameters such as probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP) and suppuration. For the purpose of this essay, the diagnostic value of BOP will be focused upon. Get Help With Your Essay If…
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